Renal Compensation Acid Base Balance Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionAcid-base balance in the human organic structure refers to the ordinance of the free H ions present in the organic structure fluids [ 1 ] . This balance is important to the continuance of life as it influences many different systems and mechanisms in the organic structure. The mean pH of the blood when all the homeostatic controls are working efficaciously is 7.4. The pH of normal arterial blood is really 7.45 whereas the pH of normal venous blood is 7.35. This difference can be accounted for by the fact that when CO2 is picked up by tissue capillaries, this leads to the coevals of H2CO3. This in bend generates H+ doing the blood more acidic [ 1 ] . It is partially due to the actions of the kidneys which helps maintain the blood within theses rigorous bounds. All reactions affecting enzymes will necessitate that the pH of organic structure fluids remains within a narrow scope. The function of the kidneys in keeping this homeostasis is of import, but is seen as the â€Å" 3rd defense mechanism † , the first being the usage of chemical buffers in the organic structure and the 2nd being changes made in take a breathing which changes the pCO2 ( partial force per unit area of C dioxide ) and hence the concentration of H ions in organic structure fluids [ 2 ] . In this study, I will depict the changes that the kidneys make in seeking to modulate this balance, how the anatomy of the kidney maps to drive these mechanisms and the response of the kidneys when the organic structure experiences acidosis of alkalosis. Besides as portion of my study, I will discourse the effects that a high protein, low saccharide diet has on the acid-base balance of the organic structure, how this is later corrected utilizing nephritic homeostatic mechanisms, the possible nephritic pathology that can happen as a consequence, and the consequence this will hold on nephritic compensation of acid-base balance thenceforth.Important anatomy of the kidneyThe kidneys are the variety meats which are chiefly responsible for the production of urine, before it passes through the ureters to the urinary vesica in the pelvic girdle [ 3 ] . The kidneys are located within the right and left wing and situated retroperitoneally to the spinal column, between the spinal degrees of T12 to T13 [ 4 ] . The kidneys are about 11-14cm lengthwise and the kidney situated on the left side is found to be more inferior. The kidney consists of uriniferous tubule fractional monetary units, of which there are around 1million present [ 4 ] . But it is the internal constructions of the kidney which are of most involvement in relation to the care of acid-base balance ; peculiarly the function of the proximal tubule, type A and B intercalated cannular cells found in the distal and connecting tubules, and the peritubular capillaries. Figure 1 below is a diagram which depicts the cross-section of a kidney and the functional anatomy. [ 5 ] Blood is supplied to the kidneys through the nephritic arterias, which branch straight from the abdominal aorta. Branching occurs once more one time within the kidney. One group of these sub-branches are the interlobular arterias. These run through the nephritic cerebral mantle and subdivision once more to organize the sensory nerve glomerular arteriolas which supplies oxygenated blood to the glomerular capillary bed and besides, the motor nerve glomerular atrerioles. Within the nephritic cerebral mantle, some of these motorial glomerular arteriolas form the web of peritubular capillaries [ 4 ] . These capillaries can either have secreted ions from the intercalated cells, or they can pump ions into the nephritic cannular lms, from where they will be transferred into the urine [ 4 ] .Figure 2 below shows a simplified diagram of the uriniferous tubule, nevertheless efficaciously describes the chemical exchanges which take topographic point. [ 6 ] Intercalated cells Intercalated cannular cells are found in the epithelial tissue of the collection and distal tubules, along with chief cells. The cells found in these tubules, along with all other nephritic tubules are cubelike epithelial ( one exclusion is the lms of the thin limb of the cringle of henle where the cells are level ) . But it is entirely the intercalated cells involved in keeping acid-base balance. The intercalated cells can nevertheless be classified farther, into Type A and Type B. We are able to make this due the fact that these cells have different transporter proteins [ 7 ] . Type A intercalated cells – These cells are more active than type B and act in order to forestall a province of acidosis. This is done by 1 ) secernment of free H+ 2 ) resorption of HCO-3 3 ) Resorption of K+ [ 1 ] . Hydrogen ions are secreted from these cells via an H+/ATPase transporter, a proton pump, which actively secretes them. The Reabsorbtion of K+ ions occurs along side this procedure. It should besides be noted that the presence of aldosterone, which elevates the activity of the H+ -ATPase pump, increases the rate of H+ secernment. [ 4 ] Type B intercalated cells – These cells act in order to forestall a province alkalosis. This is done by Secretion of HCO-3 2 ) resorption of free H+ 3 ) secernment K+ . [ 1 ] Alternatively of the proton pump, these cells contain an H+-ATPase pump. This complex actively transports H+ ions back into the peritubular capillary from the nephritic cannular lms. But the most of import map of these cells is the secernment of HCO3- ions from the peritubular capillary into the nephritic cannular lms for elimination. This occurs in the apical membrane of the cell, where the HCO3- ions are exchanged across the membrane. The transporter through which HCO3- ions are exchanged is non the same as the pump that is utilised in type A intercalated cells. These cells work in sync in order to keep the right balance. Proximal tubule The cells found in this tubule are besides cubelike epithelial cells, nevertheless, these cells differ from the cells found in the nephritic tubules as they have a brush boundary line of microvilli [ 4 ] . This provides a larger entire surface country for the transportation of substances across the cell membranes. Many chondriosomes are besides seen in these cells histologically, in order to supply energy for procedures affecting active conveyance [ 7 ] . Physiologically, the proximal tubule has two chief functions. First, to resorb from the glomerulus any hydrogen carbonate ions which have been filtered. The proximal tubule is the chief site of bicarbonate resorption, with 85-90 % of the filtered hydrogen carbonate being reabsorbed here. Second, it is the primary site of ammonia production. The huge bulk of this production is done within the proximal tubule [ 8 ] . Both of these mechanisms will be discussed in more item in the undermentioned chapters.Nephritic mechanisms of acid-base balanceThe excess nephritic homeostatic mechanisms of acid-base ordinance consist of ; the pneumonic ordinance of pCO2 and buffer systems found in the blood and intracellularly. Interaction does take topographic point between these mechanisms and the action that the kidneys take in keeping acid-base balance [ 9 ] . There are three factors which are regulated by the kidneys refering acid-base balance: H+ elimination HCO-3 elimination NH3 secernment It should be noted that these factors are interrelated and there is no isolation when it comes to keeping their degrees in the plasma [ 1 ] . The purpose of the kidneys is to keep the physiological acid-base ratio of 1:20. This being the ratio between CO2 ( which becomes H2CO3 when dissolved in the plasma ) and HCO-3. Although the three factors mentioned above are physically changed, it is the concentration of HCO-3 which is ever altered during each mechanism, doing it the common denominator that influences plasma acid-base balance [ 10 ] . In a instance of acidosis or nearing acidosis, the buffers can merely make so much to battle the alteration in pH. The anatomy of the kidney involved in releasing H+ ‘s into the piss, in order to be ejected from the organic structure are the proximal, distal and roll uping tubules [ 1 ] . The anatomy of which is described above. These H ions are derived from CO2 found in one of three topographic points ; the plasma, the cannular fluid or fro m the intercalated tubular cells where it is synthesised due to metabolic procedures [ 1 ] . Bicarbonate ions are besides synthesised in the cannular cells from CO2 and H2O, and this reaction is catalysed by the enzyme carbonaceous anhydrase. But the kidney has two functions with respect to bicarbonate ions ; it is involved in the resorption of filtered hydrogen carbonate ions and the elimination of hydrogen carbonate that has been synthesised from its constituents.The site of this resorption within the kidney is found chiefly in the proximal tubule, but there is grounds of this taking topographic point at the distal and convoluting tubule and thick go uping limb of the henle [ 11 ] . At the nephritic atoms, Bicarbonate ions are easy filtered. But in order to forestall organic structure fluids from going greatly acidic, most of these ions must be reabsorbed [ 12 ] . This is the destiny of the huge bulk of these ions, with merely around 0.1 % being lost in the urine [ 9 ] . However as mentioned, the creative activity of new hydrogen carbonate ions occurs within the cannular c ells of the kidney. This procedure takes topographic point each clip there is 1 ) secernment of ammonium and 2 ) the elimination of acid. From the cannular cells, the hydrogen carbonate ions are absorbed into the peritubular lms. [ 13 ] Ammonium secernment is a utile manner in which the kidney can egest more H ions, as it does non affect the demand for organic buffers. The ammonium that is utilized is derived from the dislocation of protein. However as ammonium is toxic even at comparatively low degrees, in the liver, the ammonium ion is bound to a hydrogen carbonate ion in the signifier of either Urea or Glutamine. Once the glutamine is passed onto the proximal tubules in the kidney, the ammonium ion is released, ready for usage [ 9 ] . The demand for this ammonium is due to the fact that the kidneys can non overload the piss with H ions because the urine pH can non be decreased lower so 4.5. The ammonia Acts of the Apostless as a secondary buffer in this sense, along with a phosphate buffer, which is besides present in the cannular fluid [ 1 ] . The purpose of these mechanisms is to forestall the oncoming of acidosis or alkalosis. Acidosis and alkalosis can be classified, depending on which factor have been changed and the cause of this alteration. If the first alteration was in pCO2, either an addition or a lessening, the status will be known as either respiratory acidosis or alkalosis. Whereas if it is a alteration in hydrogen carbonate or H concentration, this will either be metabolic acidosis or alkalosis [ 14 ] The physiological effects of the pH of organic structure fluids rolling outwith the rigorous physiological bounds can hold body-wide systemic effects. For illustration ; fluctuations in the concentration of H ions can change the irritability of certain nerve cells. It besides can hold effects on enzyme activity and K+ degrees in the organic structure fluids [ 1 ] .Nephritic compensation of the systemic effects on acid-base balance, caused by a high protein, low saccharide diet.This diet has come into the public oculus as a manner of cut downing one ‘s organic structure weight, whilst still being able to bask nutrients that would usually be seen as inappropriate if one was on a diet. The construct behind the thought is the remotion of simple saccharides from the diet, and replacing them with high animate being protein nutrient ( e.g sausage and bacon ) [ 15 ] . It has been noted that the immediate alteration to this diet consequences in immediate weight loss. There is an lift in the rate of micturition, doing more Na to be lost, upsetting the balance of Na being taken in and Na being excreted. But the weight that is lost is due to H2O loss, non fat loss. The physiological response of aldosterone production brings the sodium/water balance back to normal [ 16 ] . In the longer term, the degree of saccharide consumed is reduced to the point where, if there was a farther decrease in the ingestion of saccharides, a province of ketonemia would follow. In a survey carried out by Reddy et Al. suggests that a decrease in carbohydrate consumption along with a high protein diet will ensue in â€Å" uncomplete oxidization of fat and attendant ketoanion production † [ 17 ] . The premiss behind this method of weight loss is that by cut downing the degree of saccharide available to the organic structure, fat will be oxidised in the liver to supply energy. In this state of affairs, it is the ketone organic structures produced by this oxidization of fatty acids that become the chief energy beginning [ 18 ] .Protein and carbohydrate metamorphosisAfter protein has been metabolised by the liver, Urea is later produced. The optimal status for urea elimination is when there are low degrees of ADH in the plasma, forestalling most of the resorption of urea by the collection tubules [ 9 ] . Dietary proteins which are ingested are broken down in the tummy by endo- and exopeptidases. The component amino acids are separated from one another by the dislocation of the peptide bonds. The amino acids are so taken up by enterocytes in the little bowel and transported to the blood stream [ 4 ] . The metamorphosis of sulphur-containing amino acids leads to the formation and construct up of ions which have an consequence on acid-base balance ( Cl, P, SO4 ) [ 20 ] . The ground that sulphur incorporating amino acids lead to an increased acid burden is that the oxidization of sulfur to sulphate green goodss protons. Therefore, an addition in protein intake consequences in an addition in the acid burden in the kidneys, due to the oxidization in the liver of aminic acids incorporating sulfur. The organic structure ab initio responds with an addition in the net acid elimination, a lessening in the degree of bicarbonate ions excreted and an addition in GFR ( Glomerular filtration rate ) which later leads to an addition in ammonium elimination. The GFR is thought to increase due to a primary addition in nephritic capillary permeableness [ 19 ] . This is a reaction to an addition in the degrees of N, due to amino acerb dislocation. However this mechanism is non plenty and as a consequence, blood urea N degrees addition. As the GFR additions, more energy is required by the kidney in order to go on to work efficaciously. In the kidney, the energy beginning is the amino acerb glutamine. The rate of its metamorphosis is increased, ensuing in an addition in the degree of ammonium hydroxide ( NH3 ) produced. As the acerb burden of the kidney and therefore figure of proton has increased, ammonium hydroxide, which has the ability to accept protons is released by cannular cells. The a mmonia ions are oxidised to ammonium and extra protons are hence excreted in the piss in the signifier of ammonium. Increased degrees of acid and NH4+ are found in the piss, whereas the degree of bicarbonate ions beads expectedly. However, it should be noted that, as in response to any cause of increased nephritic acid burden, the cardinal stimulation for amminogenesis is the lessening in urinary pH. In some instances, the extent of ammonium elimination can do a ample urinary pH addition [ 20 ] . When saccharides are ingested as portion of the diet, the saccharides are usually found as polyoses. Starch and animal starch are normally obtained chiefly from works beginnings and meat severally. One of the other saccharides found in dietetic consumption, although less common, are the disaccharides. These larger units are broken down during digestion into their constituents. This is chiefly glucose. As a simple sugar, this can be easy absorbed by the enterocytes in the little bowel [ 1 ] . The lessening in dietetic saccharides is instituted in order to do protein the primary beginning of energy, leting fatty acerb oxidization and ketone organic structure formation.Nephritic pathology as a consequence of a high protein, low saccharide dietAs has been discussed, an addition in the degree of dietetic protein ingested increases the acerb burden in the kidneys. This addition can take to different abnormalcies and pathologies happening within the kidneys. Ketosis is associated with a hig h-protein, low-carbohydrate diet when there is drastic lowering of the saccharide consumption. As mentioned antecedently, ketone organic structures are produced upon oxidization of fatty acids. These build up in the blood watercourse. As the saccharide handiness has decreased, the organic structure becomes more and more dependent on fat shops as an energy supply, constructing up the degrees of ketone organic structures. This is seen as a plus point of the diet, as an increased figure of ketone organic structures leads to a loss of appetency. Ketosis has several complications which affect different systems in the organic structure. Some of which are desiccation, irregularity and a inclination to organize kidney rocks. More inauspicious affects include lipemia, faulty neutrophil map, ocular neuropathy and osteoporosis. The mechanisms of which will be discussed in more item [ 21 ] . It has been suggested by Frassetto et Al. that due to a normal western diet, people are predisposed to a long-run, but low class acidosis. This is seen to be amplified in older people, where there is frequently a deterioration of kidney map and the kidney is unable to cover with an increased acid burden. This can frequently take to instances of metabolic acidosis. The underlying mechanism of this induced status is the increasing inefficiency of acerb elimination by the kidneys, and a lessening in the resorption of filtered hydrogen carbonate [ 22 ] . In the survey conducted by Frassetto et Al. analyzing the production of endogenous carbonaceous acids and the degrees of K and protein ions the diet, it was found that there was a strong nexus between carnal protein uptake and nephritic net acid elimination. This was non nevertheless found with vegetable protein. This reinforces the fact it is the consumption of sulphur-containing amino acids which has a greater affect on nephritic acid burden. The figure of sulfur incorporating aminic acids in veggie is much more varied [ 22 ] . There are some surveies which suggest that a high-protein diet can be connected with chronic kidney disease, due to the strain placed upon the kidney by such as diet. The cause of which is cited as the kidney being overworked when covering with some of the by merchandises of protein metamorphosis, for illustration the addition in Urea elimination, and holding to get by with an increased GFR [ 23 ] . Chronic kidney disease can be defined as a state of affairs â€Å" when the maps of the kidneys have been so reduced by a chronic disease procedure † [ 24 ] . This may be seen as a consequence of the cumulative effects of a high-protein diet. However it should be noted that there is difference among different surveies as to the badness of such a disease and which symptoms would be present, if it were to happen. In chronic nephritic failure, the status can be exacerbated by a continued high-protein diet as this can take to increased keeping of certain ions, such as K or phosphate, which are released upon digestion of protein rich nutrients. If the patient besides has a instance of acidosis, this would decline a province of hyperkalaemia. The K found within cells is replaced with H ions, let go ofing more potassium ions into the organic structure fluids [ 24 ] . This is an illustration of how chronic kidney disease can come on due to increased kidney emphasis, brought about by an increased acid burden associated with a high protein diet. Many surveies have now found a nexus between high-protein consumption and osteoporosis. The thought is centred on the fact that a high degree of protein in the diet leads to hypercalciuria, or high degrees of Ca in the piss. One of the beginnings of this Ca is from the soaking up of dietetic Ca in the bowel. However, this addition is non big plenty to propose that this is the ground for hypercalcinuria. It is believed that the beginning of this Ca is bone and hence as a consequence, there is a lessening in skeletal mass. One of the theories to explicate this provinces that, due to the increased acid burden that consequences, nephritic handling of this burden through amminogenesis is non plenty. Calcium arising from the skeleton is released to be utilised as a buffer, before being excreted in the urine [ 21 ] . In the survey carried out by Frassetto et Al. in 2000 which looked at the hip break incidence ( HFI ) rate per 100,000 in adult females aged over 50 from states where per capit a nutrient ingestion information was available, found that â€Å" HFI in adult females over 50 is straight correlated with carnal protein ingestion † [ 22 ] . It should be noted nevertheless that there are surveies which suggest that a low-protein diet leads to a loss of bone-density. A survey done by Hannan et Al. found that â€Å" lower degrees of protein intake were associated with significantly higher rates of bone loss at the hip and spinal column † [ 25 ] . Specific nephritic pathology can be associated with this diet. One illustration is the oncoming of renal lithiasis or the presence of kidney rocks [ 26 ] . As already mentioned, one of the side-effects of a high-protein diet is hypercalicuria. This is a hazard factor for renal lithiasis. Animal protein consumption is linked with other factors which besides increase the hazard. These include ; a lessening in the soaking up of base from the GI piece of land, taking to a lessening of citrate elimination in the piss. As with many jobs associated with a high-protein diet, low saccharide consumption merely worsens the state of affairs. A lower consumption of fruit and veggies reduces dietetic beginnings of base.DecisionThe kidneys and nephritic system are responsible for a broad assortment of maps impacting multiple systems around the organic structure. In relation to acid-base balance, although the kidneys act in concurrence with other mechanisms to keep acid-base homeostasis, they must b e working usually in order withstand even infinitesimal alterations in organic structure fluid pH, caused by pathology or diet. Although the actions of the kidney in acid-base ordinance can be categorised depending on the how the concentration of three chief ions are changed, in order for the mechanisms affecting these to be fulfilled, many different but specific chemical reactions affecting many different countries of nephritic anatomy and biochemical substrates have to take topographic point. Physiological ordinance of acid-base balance can be greatly altered by an addition in dietetic protein intake, the effects of which are merely exacerbated by reduced saccharide consumption. Although the negative effects of such a diet were clear in all the diaries and text editions I have referenced, there is still elucidation needed as to the specific mechanisms of secondary pathology obtained after nephritic handling of this increased acid burden has diminished.

Digestion and Food Essay

Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller molecules so they can pass though the intestinal wall into the bloodstream and be transported throughout the body. There are seven different food groups in a balanced diet which should include Carbohydrate, fat, water, protein, fibre, vitamins and minerals. Although most foods contain these in some shape or form the foods that contain most of one type fall into that category, a chicken fillet for example would fall under the protein category because it contains more protein per hundred grams than any other nutrient. This assignment will explain the systems and processes necessary for the digestion of a Beef sandwich and a chicken Tikka Masala with rice. In the digestion of a beef sandwich containing sliced Beef, bread, butter and a chicken Tikka Masala there are different stages of where food is broken down. Enzymes are added at different times to ensure the food is absorbed properly. Digestion technically starts in the brain. Even before food touches your lips the stomach is already preparing for the food about to be ingested. The ingestion process starts with taking food into the mouth (eating and drinking). The purpose of this is so the food can be cut into smaller pieces and saliva is added before it is swallowed. This is where the first enzymes start work. There are two enzymes found in the saliva of the mouth, salivary amylase and lingual lipase. Amylase breaks down dietary carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharide sugars and complex polysaccharides (starch). Monosaccharide’s can be easily absorbed into the bloodstream so the others need to be broken down into these before they can be absorbed (Derrickson, Tortora 2006 p906). The salivary amylase starts to break down the polysaccharide starch found in the bread of sandwich and the rice in the chicken Tikka meal while it is being chewed. Once the food has been swallowed it slides down the throat which extends into the esophagus. The smooth muscle, mucus and secretions in the esophagus enable the food to slide down easily into the stomach. At the end of the esophagus is the lower esophageal sphincter which connects to the stomach. The stomach is a j-shaped organ where food is mixed with gastric juices secreted by the lining. The gastric juices consist of water, enzymes and hydrochloric acid to kill any harmful bacteria (Parker 2007 p176). The main enzyme in the stomach is called pepsin which specialises in the break down of protein. Gastric pepsin breaks proteins into polypeptides, pancreatic trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase which change the polypeptides into peptides (Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins 2005 p224). The proteins in the beef part of the sandwich and chicken part of the Tikka Masala are broken down by theses enzymes in order to extract the essential amino acids found in the peptides so that they can be easily absorbed in the small intestine where the food moves to after the stomach has done its work. The intestinal mucosal peptidases in the small intestine break the peptides down into amino acids allowing this to happen. As the carbohydrate (rice and bread from the two meals) enters the stomach the salivary amylase is deactivated by the ph level. As the food then enters the duodenum which is the first part of the small intestine, another type of amylase is then added from the pancreas which changes the carbohydrates into simple sugars (Parker 2007). The simple sugars are maltose lactose and sucrose. As these are pasted further into the small intestine ‘the enzymes maltase, lactase and sucrase chop maltose, lactose and sucrose into smaller bits, more easily absorbed, which are eventually converted to glucose and absorbed through the intestinal walls into the bloodstream’ (Collins 2007). Once this has happened the glucose is transported to the liver where it can be where it can be stored or distributed to cells throughout the body (Collins 2007). Fats fall under three categories, saturated (mainly found in animal products); Unsaturated (fish, nuts) and Trans fats which are mainly found in vegetable oils and processed foods made from hydrogenated vegetable fats. Fats or lipids as there also known ‘are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they are insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar solvents’ (Bailey 2008). This means lipids take longer to digest than carbohydrates and proteins. The fat content of the two meals comes mainly from the butter of the beef sandwich and the cream of the Masala sauce. The Short chain triglycerides found in these are digested by gastric lipase in the stomach. The majority of fat digestion though is done in the small intestine where pancreatic lipase and bile salts are added. The bile salts emulsify fat into droplets which makes them water soluble allowing them to be absorbed more easily. The pancreatic lipase ‘breaks down fats and phospholipids into a mixture of glycerol, short and long-chain fatty acids, and monoglycerides’ (Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins 2005 p224). Small finger like projections on the small intestine called Villi give it a large surface area making it easy for the absorption allowing the fatty acids and monoglycerides to pass through into the blood stream. Nearly all vital nutrients from food are absorbed in the small intestine and the left over waste that passes into the large intestine afterwards is known as the chyme. The chyme descends through three main regions of the large intestine called the caecum, colon and rectum. During this journey sodium, chloride, and water are absorbed through the lining of the colon into the blood making less watery faeces to be excreted out of the anus.

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An Enemy of the People - Essay Example Besides, the play portrays different interpretations of the same truth. When one tries to prove that his/her ideas or viewpoints is the ultimate truth, the scope of compromise become limited. In the play, difference in opinion due to individual difference leads to conflict and eventually to never-ending hatred in the family. Thesis statement: An investigation to unearth Ibsen’s view of Human Nature, critique of ideas, values, and features of democratic community, and its strengths and weaknesses. The setting of the play is a Norwegian town which is governed by Peter Stockmann. The main plot of the play is the conflict between two brothers, Dr. Peter Stockmann and Dr. Thomas Stockmann. Besides, the play related to a man who happens to be against a town in which he lives in. The conflict between Dr. Peter and Dr. Thomas extends beyond the private domain of their family and spreads to their community. Dr. Thomas, who is public-minded, discovers that the water supply did undergo pollution. As a public minded citizen, he tries to trace the reason behind pollution. In addition, he meets politicians, journalists and economists and other citizens in his locality, but for vain. But Dr. Thomas’ idealism leads to further issues in the society and the people began to consider him as an enemy. For instance, the annoyed mass forced Dr. Thomas and his family to leave the same town which he tries to save from health issues due to water pollution. But Dr. Thomas Stockmann was not ready to part with his idealistic view of social responsibility of a citizen towards his/her community. But his idealism leads him to suffer a lot. For instance, his family life, career as a doctor, his private property etc is totally ruined. The character of Dr. Thomas reminds an exceptional character who is ready to face risks in one’s life but not ready to part with one’s belief/ideology. Ibsen’s characters acts the role of a mouthpiece which helps one have

Statistics 401 Mod 3 SLP - Hypothesis Testing II Coursework

Statistics 401 Mod 3 SLP - Hypothesis Testing II - Coursework Example It is merely based on a hunch or general observation without hard facts to support it. This implies that it calls for a means of testing whether or not it is true at the end of the research. There are two types of hypothesis; one is the null hypothesis which implores that there is no relationship between two variables under observation. In the case of this study in which the variables are my stock price and the DJIA, The null hypothesis is that there is no relationship between my stock price and the DJIA. The second type of hypothesis is the alternative hypothesis. This offers the opposite idea from that of the null hypothesis. It states that indeed there is a relationship between the two variables in question. ... 1.86 3.46 -12.87 54 15.08 227.41 12 -2.41 5.81 36.34 48 9.08 82.45 18 3.59 12.89 32.59 37 -1.92 3.69 16 1.86 3.46 3.57 70 31.08 965.97 15 0.59 0.35 18.34 23 -15.92 253.45 12 -2.41 5.81 38.37 36 -2.92 8.53 13 -1.41 1.99 4.12 35 -3.92 15.37 14 -0.41 0.17 1.61 21 -17.92 321.13 11 -3.41 11.63 61.11 55 16.08 258.57 16 1.86 3.46 29.91 TOTAL 467 2183.95 173 52.66 208.61 AVERAGE 38.92 14.41 r= 208.61 [(sqrt 2183.95)(sqrt 52.66)] = 0.309 Confirming in the table of the value of r shown below:- If r = +.70 or higher Very strong positive relationship +.40 to +.69 Strong positive relationship +.30 to +.39 Moderate positive relationship +.20 to +.29 weak positive relationship +.01 to +.19 No or negligible relationship -.01 to -.19 No or negligible relationship -.20 to -.29 weak negative relationship -.30 to -.39 Moderate negative relationship -.40 to -.69 Strong negative relationship -.70 or higher Very strong negative relationship ‘r’ is between 0.30 and 0.39 and therefore a moderate positive relationship. This implies that there is moderate positive relationship between my stock price and the DJIA. This confirms the alternative hypothesis which stated that; there is a relationship between my stock price and the DJIA REFERENCES Soper, H.E., Young, A.W., Cave, B.M., Lee, A., Pearson, K. (1917). "On the distribution of the correlation coefficient in small samples. Appendix II to the papers of "Student" and R. A. Fisher. A co-operative study", Biometrika, 11, 328-413.

GDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GDP - Essay Example As the discussion highlights  demographic studies have also shown that quality of life is judged more accurately by average life expectancy, ratio of hospitals to population, ratio of doctors available per patient, age distribution, income distribution, average household and gender ratios. These factors play an important role in any economy because earning money is not the only objective, the money earned should be translated into something which really has meaning and/or which could bring happiness to individuals for instance if the money earned could not be translated into good medical health care services then it is of no use to the individual, money earned should have the potential to be translated into goods and services of the highest quality.  According to the report findings  GDP is a widely used tool when assessing the economic health of any country because it is a true representation of the country when it comes to economic activity that is being carried out and how w ell the economy is doing but it is not a true representation of the welfare of the general masses or level of satisfaction that the entire population has, this is so because human nature needs have to be satisfied through goods and services and not through earning money only.  Human needs can only be met in a satisfactory way if the quality of the goods and services provided is extremely high, in third world countries such as India and Pakistan, the problem is that people do have the money but the quality of life is very low due to problems that the economy is facing.

BUSINESS LAW ( REPORT ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BUSINESS LAW ( REPORT ) - Essay Example Even in America itself, it is not possible for a company to function with a unique law in to different states. In other words, companies need to function with respect to the laws prevailing in the location where they operate. Separate legal personality and limited liability are two common terms associated with company law. Wiss (2010) describes separate legal personality as an incorporated company, â€Å"united or combined into an organised body† having rights and liabilities. In her opinion a company is a fictitious person who can enter into contracts, own property and even commit crimes. At the same time when a private company limited by shares, the creditors deal with the company, not with the individuals and it can be termed as a limited liability company. In such cases, if the company become bankrupt, the creditors or the investors do not get paid regardless of the personal financial capabilities of its memebrs (Wiss 2010). Separate legal personality and limited liability are two advantages of corporate status. But under certain circumstances these advantages will become invalid and this paper briefly explains such circumstances in which separate legal personality and limited liability will b ecome invalid. It is not possible for a company to take undue advantages in the name of limited liability or separate legal personality. Corporate law has mainly identified seven instances in which the corporate veil (law that protect the members or founders of a company in case a problem arises) can be lifted; fraud, agency, trust, group enterprise, tort enemy character, tax (Sadhu, n. d) Richard Wachman (2005) has mentioned that fraud is costing British business  £72 billion a year, 6% of the annual revenue of British businesses (Wachman, 2005). The recent corporate scandals involving Enron, WorldCom, Parmalat and Refco, have not taught any lessons to the authorities or the investors. Fraud can attain many forms; some companies may overstate their profits, some

Differentiated instructional strategies in practice Assignment

Differentiated instructional strategies in practice - Assignment Example Quick essay assessments and test question are based on the topic taught in the classroom. And main focus would be on the new ideas that have been taught in the classroom. Informal testing is done my asking random questions to the students regarding the topic covered in the classroom. Testing is the dependable strategy for post assessment as it helps to determine student’s weak and strong areas. Question 2 One of the main advantages of using pre-assessment approach in the classroom is that teachers already know the information that are required to know about the students. Pre-assessment is vital for every teachers because it helps to find out student’s needs and strengths. Post-assessment is done know what students have learned during the process. K-W-L chart is one of the strategies of pre-assessment that helps to know the level of understanding of the students. Testing strategy is one of the post-assessment strategies that help to test the knowledge acquired by student s. The purpose and necessity of assessment of learning is to provide feedback to both learner and teacher regarding the progress of the learner. Written or verbal feedback given to the students regarding their performance is primarily descriptive and identifies challenges to next steps. This feedback can be used by teacher which would help to develop further instruction. Modification of instruction that can be done on pre-assessment: Student should do study sheet and should write a summary before the start of the lesson. Making flowchart of the working progress of the student. To express previously acquired knowledge concept map should be created. Offering details feedback during the process of learning. Modification of instruction that can be done on post-assessment:... Differentiated instructional strategies in practice Differentiated instruction is based on the belief that every student can learn at their best and gain necessary knowledge when they can make link of relationship between their diverse experiences and curriculum activities. Learning at the highest level occurs at the time when students are pushed to go further from the point where they don’t need any assistance. Rather than teaching simply by giving a single avenue for learning, teachers use differentiated instruction for every gifted student. Differentiated instruction requires acknowledgement, commitment and proper planning due to the fact that experiences and diverse ability can create huge impact on the learning process of students. Differentiated instruction helps students to engage in the classroom by interacting and participating in a higher way (Gregory & Chapman, 2013). All the students have different strengths, learning styles and abilities. Classroom activities help every student to adapt to meet different styles and abilities. Differentiated instruction helps students to encourage for challenges and complexity. It provides task that has various levels of difficulty and complexity that helps every student to increase readiness level. Differentiated instruction helps students to support their interests and choices. It helps to provide multiple chances for every student to study and an array of extensions and application that’s helps students to enhance learning.

International Terrorism and Global Politics Essay Example for Free

International Terrorism and Global Politics Essay In the 21st century, it would seem that the term â€Å"terrorist† has become an all encompassing description of anyone whom civilized people feel is a threat to innocent civilians, domestic tranquility, and the everyday life that most people take for granted. Government officials declare â€Å"war on terrorism† and the like. Expanding upon, and deviating from the typical definition of a terrorist, Charles W. Kegley’s 2002 edition, The New Global Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, Controls, contains a chapter entitled â€Å"Is There a Good Terrorist? †, which asserts that one nation’s terrorist may fairly be considered another nation’s patriot. This paper will maintain the argument that no terrorist is a â€Å"good terrorist†, in contrast to the presentation of Kegley in his volume. Defining Terrorism To begin, a valid argument can be made against so-called â€Å"good† terrorists by establishing a baseline definition of terrorism. In some of his other writings, Kegley has maintained that one of the problems in condemning terrorists is that the act of terrorism itself is so hard to define; in other words, as was mentioned previously, a terrorist may not be considered a terrorist by everyone, because ultimately, some group of people or nation is supposedly benefitting from the terror inflicted on another group. However, by fine tuning the definition of a terrorist, it will be possible to reinforce and build upon the argument of this paper- that there is no such thing as a good terrorist. In order to make that assertion solid and tenable, one must realize that the term terrorism should in fact refer to acts of violence, war or sabotage inflicted upon innocent civilian populations by a person or persons not affiliated with an organized army and outside of the scope of declared warfare. Within this context, we are not talking about the soldier who serves his country by defeating enemies in combat, but we are talking about extremists who detonate car bombs near schools and hospitals. In using this definition, it is possible to further bolster the argument. Terrorism is about Targets as Well as Intentions A second assertion that can be made in critique of Kegley’s presentation comes from a discussion of the issue of the targets of terrorism as well as the intentions of terrorists, as earlier defined. For example, a terrorist, for all of his claims that he is trying to free other people from the oppression of another group, change a bad situation, avenge previous wrongs and the like, is violating international law as well as the basic moral codes when the terrorist inflicts casualties among defenseless civilians, such as when terrorists launch attacks on religious centers, public places or even private residential areas, there is a tremendous wrong being done, no matter what noble cause the terrorist claims to support or advance. Simply put, the means do not justify the end. A Fine Line between Patriotism and Vigilantism A key point continues to echo throughout this research- the fine line between defeating enemies and violating the written and unwritten laws of humanity. Indeed, one could make the argument, for example, that the founders of the United States in some ways inflicted terrorism according to our previously stated definition, for many of them were un-uniformed, taking up arms against an organized, sovereign government, no matter how noble the cause was for which they were fighting. However, when looking at terrorists in regard to being those who step over the line of legality and morality for the sake of their causes, again the message returns that there must be at least some level of decency in the world, even among those who adamantly oppose one another, for if opposing groups are allowed to continually launch terror attacks upon each other, all of humanity will soon degrade to chaos and anarchy, serving no one’s interests. Indeed, it is morally, ethically and legally wrong for people to take the law into their own hands; therefore, all potential or actual terrorist acts must be dealt with in the harshest possible terms. Conclusion In this paper, the argument has been made and supported that there is no such thing as a good terrorist, no matter what the intentions, motivations or goals of the terrorist, keeping in mind that there are certain criteria which define what makes a terrorist. Therefore, it must be remembered that patriots are not those who blow up women and children, poison reservoirs or destroy public gathering places, nor are those who wear the uniform of their country and fight in declared wars terrorists. Once that differentiation is made and adhered to, all of humanity will be all the better for it. Conversely, if we allow these grey areas to exist where a potential terrorist thinks they will receive rewards, either in this world or the one to come, the death toll of innocents will continue to swell. Hopefully, this key distinction will be realized by the people of the world before it is too late.

The Story Of The Boys From Brazil English Literature Essay

The Story Of The Boys From Brazil English Literature Essay The story begins when three men, meet each other in San Paulo, in 1974. They have rented a room for a conference. They also invited six other men which are aged mid-fifties. Sr. Mengele has given the order to kill 94 men on different days in the next 2,5 years: The first will be on October 16, 1974, and the last on April 23 1977. These murders are in the interest of the Aryan race. Every man on the conference has a German nationality, but they get a new identity. Dr. Mengele told them that they are traveling representatives. For the murders they will receive diamonds. Of the six men Schwimmer is going to England ( 13 murders), Farnbach to Sweden (14 murders), Traunstreiner to Norway ( 10 murders) and Denmark ( 6 murders), Kleist goes to the Netherlands ( 8 murders) and northern Germany ( 8 murders), Mundt goes to southern Germany ( 8 murders) and Austria ( 9 murders) and at last Hesse goes to the U.S.A ( 12 murders) and Canada( 6 murders). The 94 who need to be killed are all around the 65 years old, and have as occupation civil servant. They just may murder these men and not their families. It must look like a accident or a natural death, and not like murder. The whole was recorder by a recorder.. A co-worker placed this, against a payment from Barry Koehler, a 23-year-old North-American, the co-worker gives the recorder later to him. One of the maids make a slip and the 3 men searched for Barry because they knew that Barry was behind al thus. Barry did this all, because he would like to work for Liebermann, a Nazi-hunter, but Liebermann doesnt wanted him and therefore he gets further by himself. Barry called Liebermann to tell him about the conversation on the congress, but at that time, while he is talking with Liebermann, storms three men into his house and murder him. Liebermann doesnt know if he should believe what he heard, but he still requests to the British journalist Sydney. he knows Sydney very well, he wants the newspaper articles since 16 October (on which the first man would be murdered) in which men from around the 65 years on an unnatural way have gone dead. Liebermann gets after a few days an envelope with 40 articles which 11 agreed in terms of their age and occupation. Liebermann goes to one of the families of the deceased men, Mrs. DÃ ¶ring in Essen, to see how DÃ ¶ring exactly died. Liebermann speaks with Karla, Mrs. DÃ ¶ring, and her son Erich. After these conversations Liebermann thinks that DÃ ¶ring isnt murdered by the men of Mengele. He also decided to go to Mrs. Curry to check out if her husband perhaps have been killed. Also this woman has a son and when he comes downstairs he thinks it was Mrs. DÃ ¶rings son, but he was astonished that it was Mrs. Currys son. The sons were almost identical to each other. They have bot h a sharp nose, dark hear and blue eyes, they are pale and 13 years old. Also in the two families the fathers both worked as civil servants and around the 65 years, and the wifes are much younger than them, they were 42 years. Liebermann finds out that more families have the same agreements. Liebermann finds out from Mrs. Curry that her son is adopted from the adoption centre rush-gaddis-Adoption agency, where Frieda Maloney worked from 1960 till 1963. Parents could get only a child here when the mothers aged more than if they 45, and the fathers must aged around the 52 years. Liebermann want to talk with Maloney, but she is in jail, because she had committed mass murder in the Second World War. Liebermann goes to the prison to visit Maloney, and he may talk an half hour with her. Maloneys telling that they get the job in 1960. She must detecting men which where born between the 1908 and 1912, and women which must been born between 1931 and 1935. The man must been civil servant , both parents had to be white and Christians with a North European background. Maloney has in three years time 45 people with these characteristics. All adopted babys were boys with black and blue eyes and they came from Brazil. Frieda Maloney cooperated, because they would report her by the police , because she fled from Germany because she did all those mass murder. She didnt know where the babies came from and she also didnt that they where clones. She knew from a number of the parents still the names , one of them was Wheelock. Liebermann still mentions a couple of names and so he finds out that these families gets their babys 4 weeks after each other., the four fathers gets also four weeks behind each other killed. So Liebermann know who is the next whos getting murdered, and this will be murdered Mr. Wheelock is. All six men, recalled by Colonel Seibert, which has a higher rank than Mengele, because he believes that Liebermann knows too much, and this could be very dangerous. Mengele doesnt know anything about this, and he is very mad. He wants Liebermann and the rest of all the men on the list murder by himself. He called the secretary of Liebermann with the excuse that he is the father of the murdered Barry Koehler and so he is know now that Liebermann went to a hotel in Washington. Liebermann has now a appointment with biology-Professor NÃ ¼rnberger. He knows now what Mengele really wants. Mengele would like to make new Hitlers by cloning. The children have all the same genes as Hitler, but they grow up just like Hitler. It would be exactly a Hitler-clone. Mengele wishes that the clones have exactly the same education as Hitler has had. This means, a father who is civil servant and which, if he is 65 years, dies. And they must have a mother who is around the 42 years old. Only in this way , there would be a second Hitler created. Liebermann would go to Washington, but he goes first to the Office of the Young Jewish Defenders which is under the leadership of Rabbi Gorin. Liebermann asked for help to protect Wheelock Fortunately he didnt went to Washington, because Mengele is waiting her for him to kill him. Liebermann would like to speak with Wheelock to explain to him that he is in danger. Wheelock is not afraid because he raises watchdogs. Mengele called the secretary of Liebermann again to ask where Liebermann stays. She tells him that Liebermann is going to visit Wheelock and she tells him the time Mengele is going by himself to Wheelock, acts that he is Liebermann and he shoot Wheelock. Mengele is waiting in the House of Wheelock, this is possible because Wheelocks son is going to school and Wheelocks women is working. When Liebermann arrives, Mengele acts that he is Wheelock. Liebermann finds out that he isnt Wheelock but Mengele. Mengele held Liebermann under fire and tells him first, of his brilliant p lan, before he kills Liebermann. Liebermann hears the watchdogs behind the door. He is trying to run to the door and tries to open it. Thats possible, but he is life-threatening affected by four bullets. The dogs storms in, because Liebermann opened the door. Mengele shoot one dog death and stand all around him. The son of Wheelock, Robbert went home. Mengele explains the little boy that he is adopted and that he can be a perfect leader, because he is a Hitler clone, he has a piece of skin, and a half a liter of blood from Hitler, but the boy doesnt believes him. He lets the dogs bite him, and Mengele dies. Liebermann went to the hospital. When Mengele lays death on the ground, Liebermann took the list with 94 names from Mengeles jacket. Gorin Rabbi of the Jewish organization wishes all boys gets killed, because they all can be the new Hitler, but Liebermann doesnt want this and he flushes the list by toilet. The dogs of Wheelock were killed by the police. The police couldnt identify who was murdered, because the face was completely maimed, and his passport was also under a falls name. The book ends when one of the 94 boys draws a man on a large platform state and that this man has a large public which welcomed him. Perhaps this will be a new Hitler 2.Explain the title. The title of the book is: The boys from Brazil. The title called so because there are 94 cloned boys. Which were cloned to be like Hitler. All of these boys came from Brazil. Parents who adopted those boys where blank Christians from a North European background. Because the boys which have been adopted came from Brazil, they called the book the Boys from brazil. 3. What is the theme of the book and why? The theme of the book is the fair for a new Hitler, how people abused cloning, and murder. Because Dr. Mengele would like to clone boys just like Hitler. Their Father must also die when he is 65, so Dr. Mengele kills all those men. He doesnt want a world without Hitler, so he decided to make a new Hitler. 4. Which genre does the book belong to and why? The cover of the book says its a thriller, but there are also lots of detective-scenes in the book. It could also be a psychological drama because they describe a lot of thoughts and the feelings of the persons. The book was thrilling, and also a lots of detective-scenes, perhaps when Liebermann is wants to solute the murders. 5. Which of the characters could you identify with best and why? I think I could identify me with Mr. Lieberman the best, because he wants to stop the murdering and he doesnt want a new Hitler or a new world with Hitler. 6. Chose a quotation from the book which is exemplary to the book, and explain why you have chosen this quotation. The boys are exact genetic duplicates of him I chose this quotation because it says a bit about what the boys of Brazil. Theyre clones of Hitler. And Dr. Mengele wants to make a new Hitler. 7. Choose a scene from the beginning, the middle and towards the end of the book you liked best/ least/ impressed you most/ disappointed you. And explain why? Begin: I like the part at the conference in San Paolo least. The men which want to kill 94 men had a conference in San Paolo. This part explains to the reader where and who they are going to kill. I liked this part least because it was a bit long- winded to me. And I didnt understand it at the beginning. But after I read more pages I understand it much better. Middle: The part where Liebermann investigates the murders I like best. He goes to different families to investigates why the men are murdered, and he finds out that the children came all from Brazil, and looked almost the same. He wants to know why these boys looked almost identical, and why the men which had been killed had the same age, and all the woman had also the same age. He went to Frieda Maloney and he finds out that dr. Mengele wants to create a new Hitler. I liked this part best because this was a bit of a detective-part. End: The scene where Dr. Mengele goes to the house of Wheelock impressed me the most. Dr. Mengele wants to kill Liebermann by himself, and he know that he is underway to the house from Wheelock. But before Liebermann arrives there Dr. Mengele acts like him and shoots Wheelock. Then he tried to murder Liebermann. But Liebermann pulls the door open en the dogs from Wheelock stormed in. Dr. Mengele shot one, but when the son of Wheelock came home he gives the dogs the order to kill Dr. Mengele. This part impressed me the most because it was really trilling, this part was really exiting to read.

Fishing in the North Atlantic Essay -- Environment Fish Industry Essay

Fishing in the North Atlantic Abstract Ocean fishes have been consumed by humans beyond their maximum sustainable yields for years and the Atlantic cod and squid are two examples. Cods were primarily overfished to commercial extinction. Other variables were also examined to see if they contribute to the declining population. Water temperature was the natural phenomenon that may be responsible for poor egg hatching. Human causes such as increased UV radiation from depleted ozone and bottom trawling disturbance were considered. Trawling disturbance had the worst effect while the other factors were questionable. As the cod vanished, the commercial fisher turned to squid to continue their way of life. Government policy and economics had a great deal to do with the continuing overfishing pattern of wiping out one species and then turn to another. In the end, there is no real solution which accommodates both ecology and unchanged societal uses at the same time. Introduction It was believed that 500 years ago, Irish settlers went to Newfoundland not for the religious freedom there, but the fertile fish banks near the shore(Pollack, 1995). This was all but history now. The overfishing crisis took on headlines back in the early 1990s. The fish pack waters in the north Atlantic were rapidly removed for profit until the fish population was decimated. The current seafood production and human dependence upon it are enormous. In many third world countries, seafoods are the primary source of protein for human consumption. According to the offical website of the Commerce Department's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the seafood consumption in the U.S. remained steady with Americans consuming 3.90 billion pounds ... ...6-21. Safina, C. 1995. The World’s Imperiled Fish. Scientific American 273(5):46-53. Schneider, D.C. David A. Methven, and Edgar L. Dalley. 1997. Geographic Contraction in Juvenile Fish: A Test with Northern Cod (Gadus morhua) at Low Abundance. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54(suppl. 1):187-199. Smith, S J; and S. Gavaris. 1993. Improving the Precision of Abundance Estimates of Eastern Scotian Shelf Atlantic Cod from Bottom Trawl Surveys. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 13(1):35-47. Stephenson, Robert, and Daniel E. Lane. 1995. Fisheries Management Science: A Plea for Conceptual Change. Canadian Journal of Aquatic Science 52:2051-2056. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition. 1992. Houghton Mifflin Company. Published on Microsoft Bookshelf ’94 CD-ROM, 1994. Microsoft Corporation.

The music industry-globalizing in many ways Essay -- essays research p

Edi K. THE MUSIC INDUSTRY – GLOBALIZING IN MANY WAYS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The music industry is in a time of growth at this very moment. The environment for its growth has been increasing rapidly on many geographical boundaries and has been established through information technology and Internet. In this paper I will analyze how the music industry not only has been affected by Globalization as an economic institution but also that it has become a worldwide-globalized commodity. First, I will begin by analyzing how the music industry, though its consumption is not a necessity, it is affected by large economic factors and has become a large Music Market. Furthermore I will analyze how the music market has globalizing tendencies for the consumers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People get into their cars and listen to music, you walk into a shopping center and they are playing music; walk into a restaurant and they are playing music too, people listen to music in their work place as well. Runners listen to music as they exercise, you can even listen to music while you are sitting on the dentist chair. Everybody listens to music! Everywhere at anytime! Try to go on line and among other links on Travel, Stock Quotes, Sports or Entertainment, you’ll find a link on Music. There are so many companies that advertise music on line. Every day mass emails are sent that offer music on line. Did you know you can get 12 CDs for only one penny ? All you have to do is join one of the online music distributors : it doesn’t matter whether is BMG or Columbia House, the ‘package’ is the same. It doesn’t matter either if you are in the United States or not, they deliver internationally! Music is not a necessity but everybo dy is using it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kadi 2 The production and consumption of music has become a market of its own that has been growing and getting stronger every single day. Many companies have found their fortune in the music industry and have become part of the globalization by entering the worldwide market and economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚   ... ...all over the world listens to, it welcomes the â€Å"G† word within and becomes part of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Music, this new commodity, is helping the world to become a global marketplace as well as bringing the consumers into an unexpected globalization. The music industry is spreading far and wide across the globe bringing people of all countries, cultures and races together by the sounds of American popular music. WORKS CITED T. Mitchell, 1997. â€Å"New Zealand Music on the Internet: A Study of the NZPOP Mailing List,† Perfect Beat, Volume 3, number 2, pp. 77-95. G. Stahl, 1997. â€Å"Citing the Sound: New Zealand Indie Rock in North America,† Perfect Beat, volume 3, number 2, pp. 60-76. National Music Publishers Association ( NMPA ), 1997. International Survey of Music Publishing Revenues. New York: NMPA. Music & Copyright, 27 August 1997. R. Burnett, 1993. The Popular Music industry in transition. Popular Music and Society, pp.141-143. Al Roussan, Rasheed. September 2000, C.S. Fischer, 1992. America calling: A social History of the telephone to 1940. Berkeley: University of California Press.

The Development of Management Information Systems :: Business Management Studies

The Development of Management Information Systems The role of business information systems has changed and expanded over the last four decades. In the incipient decade (1950s and '60s), â€Å"electronic data processing systems† could be afforded by only the largest organizations. They were used to record and store bookkeeping data such as journal entries, specialized journals, and ledger accounts. This was strictly an operations support role. By the 1960s â€Å"management information systems† were used to generate a limited range of predefined reports, including income statements (they were called P & L’s back then), balance sheets and sales reports. They were trying to perform a decision making support role, but they were not up to the task. By the 1970s â€Å"decision support systems† were introduced. They were interactive in the sense that they allowed the user to choose between numerous options and configurations. Not only was the user allowed customizing outputs, they also could configure the programs to their specific needs. There was a cost though. As part of your mainframe leasing agreement, you typically had to pay to have an IBM system developer permanently on site. The main development in the 1980s was the introduction of decentralized computing. Instead of having one large mainframe computer for the entire enterprise, numerous PC’s were spread around the organization. This meant that instead of submitting a job to the computer department for batch processing and waiting for the experts to perform the procedure, each user had their own computer that they could customize for their own purposes. Many poor souls fought with the vagaries of DOS protocols, BIOS functions, and DOS batch programming. As people became comfortable with their new skills, they discovered all the things their system was capable of. Computers, instead of creating a paperless society, as was expected, produced mountains of paper, most of it valueless. Mounds of reports were generated just because it was possible to do so. This information overload was mitigated somewhat in the 1980s with the introduction of â€Å"executive information systems†. They streamlined the process, giving the executive exactly what they wanted, and only what they wanted. The 1980s also saw the first commercial application of artificial intelligence techniques in the form of â€Å"expert systems†. These programs could give advice within a very limited subject area. The promise of decision making support, first attempted in management information systems back in the 1960s, had step-by-step, come to

A Moral Solution to the Organ Donor Shortage Essay

In Alexander T. Tabarrok’s essay, â€Å"A Moral Solution to the Organ Shortage† Alexander explains ways to find solutions to the organ shortage by proposing a fair way to go about qualifying for organ transplant. Gary Becker suggested that paying a good amount of money toward funeral cost of organ donors would help and encourage people to donate their organs. The new rule that Alexander wanted to proposed is the â€Å"no -give – no – take† rule. Under this rule in order to receive an organ a person must have previously signed their organ donor card. Under â€Å"no – give – no take†, signing your organ donor card is like joining the club, the club of people who have agreed to share their organs. People have different views when it comes to donating organs. Some have their doubts about becoming an organ donor because of their religious beliefs, while others thinks that by signing an organ donor card it’s same as buying an i nsurance . NOTE In some ways I agree with Alexander on this new rule that he has proposed ( UNOS). Having a donor card is a good idea to make sure there is surplus of organs able to be donated. I’m not convinced that the â€Å"no- give no – take† rule will be productive to solve the shortage of our organ donors any time soon, since Alexander’s essay was based on suggestion. As for myself I would have doubt of donating my organs not because of my religion or beliefs, but the trust of the people that handling my organs. This essay has inspired me to rethink being an organ donor because of the problems of most organizations. In my own views, paying tremendous amounts of money to organ donors to saved someones life is a wrong way to help people that in need. As time progresses and suggestions becomes reality I would be more confident in donating my organs.

B.F. Skinner

Skinner's theories suggest that all human behaviors result from the conditioning stimuli that operate upon them. As such, human nature has little to do with matters spiritual or moral and more to do with what aspects of character are reinforced by positive stimuli and extinguished by negative stimuli.For example, ‘good' people who have lived with ‘high moral fibre' are those who have been reinforced to do so, and ‘bad' people who have lived with little moral or spiritual regard for others are those who have been reinforced to do so (or conversely, have been negatively reinforced to be concerned with others).(Boeree, 1998) Skinner's view of human nature is considered problematic by most rationalists for the simple fact that it reduces it to a series of conditioned behaviors — an empirically sequenced string of if-then actions — that coldly implies the irrelevance of higher reasoning to explain them. (Boeree, 1998) As such, any moral rationalization of h uman behavior is merely post hoc reasoning. Nonetheless, it is difficult to reconcile Skinner's model of human behavior with determinism. While determinism holds that every event creates a fixed result , Skinner holds that every event (i.  e. human behavior) is maintained only by the properties of a reinforcer (Newall, 2005; Boeree, 2006).This creates a small but significant contradiction because the question of how a reinforcer shapes human behavior becomes moot when said reinforcer is also pre-determined. References Boeree, C. George (1998). B. F. Skinner. Retrieved February 29, 2008, from http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboear/skinner. html Newall, P. (2005) Free Will and Determinism. Retrieved February 29, 2008, from http://www. galilean-library. org/int13. html

Summation of the Virgin and the Dynamo

Ben McAllister English 190 10/4/2010 In Henry Adam’s â€Å"The Dynamo and the Virgin,† he starts to speculate about Christianity’s strength during the medieval times and how it can be related to the twentieth century energy, using the dynamos, that produced electricity. He says when he relates religion and energy,† As he grew accustomed to the gallery of machines, he began to feel the forty-foot dynamos as a moral force, much as the early Christians felt the Cross. By doing this he is explaining he believes the relation between the machines and their parts are just like the Christians being part of the Cathedral and their faith. Therefore, after his relation is given between faith and science, decides he is going to combine the two in his studies, and everything that is considered irrational, he would say it takes faith to believe. He goes on to say how there could never be an American Virgin, since we relate that to sin. As he gets older, continues to sear ch for reasons why the Virgin is still lost in our culture, and he explains it has always been there.He says the Virgin is a force that shaped our Western Civilization, but we had to find her. Word count: 199 Grade: 17/20. Overall, pretty solid here, Ben – the first half of the summation works very well, as you’ve got a clear opening sentence and a pretty clear link to what Adams sees the connection between the two symbols. But, one thing to think about adding here would be less about how Americans see the Virgin, and how of how Adams sees the dynamo – how does he see that symbol as power

Computerized Enrollment System Essay

Computer now a days have a vital and wonderful effect in all aspects of a human being from a single thing or relating to human beings living in society. This advance technology has been the range or scope of something to influence the society’s modernization. We are therefore enhancing the development of our society through the use of computer. It is also made by computer-based system to lessen the work of the employees in organization. One of the computer-based systems is the computerized enrollment system, in which it is essential in the development of the organization that provides the information needed by the organization for achieving results without waste of time and effort and producing a specified effect. Almost every company and institution here in our country uses a computer based system. This type of system makes their work fast, accurate and reliable. This is the best way of storing and retrieving data on a server or a hard disk rather than using papers and file cabinets. A quick and reliable computer based system is a process wherein an institution can find an easier and better way to implement an enrollment system. In the case of Sto. Nià ±o Academy, it is composed of manual enrollment system, wherein all transactions during enrollment period are done manually and using the traditional way. Computation of payments which is done manually through the use of the usual calculators, and even the generation of reports are very time consuming. Background of the Study The major problem of the Sto. Nià ±o Academy is the slow process of admitting a student when enrolling, especially in the middle of the enrollment period. The proponents decided to develop a Computerized Enrollment system to make the process of admitting student fast and accurate. The system that will developed by the proponents is a great help to the school because it provides efficient and accurate transactions, and also, it provided a security to prevent unauthorized person to access the system. In registration and record keeping, the registrar’s work will be lessen and hustle free. The records no will be more secured than the previous way of keeping the records. In cashier, the time for computing, and checking of balances will be lessen and more efficient. The system is providing a search engine for the student that has a balance remaining. For student, the time in enrolling will be lessen and efficient, accurate, and hustle free. The system is pro viding a module for automatic computation of the average grade of the student, room assignment is also included. Objective of the Study General Objective The study aims to improve the traditional procedures of the enrollment of Sto. Nià ±o Academy by designing and developing a Computerized Enrollment System. This will be a great help in improving the existing enrolment system and will mitigate errors in admitting, assessing students, and computation of payments during enrollment and examination period. Through this way, the proposed system will give comfort to both the students and the staff of the school. It will also make every transaction fast and accurate. It will lessen the errors especially in the assessment and computation of payments and generation of reports. Specific 1. To provide a module that will prohibit access to unauthorized user. The proponents will design and develop a module that will prohibit access to unauthorized users. This module will provide usernames and passwords for the identification of the user. To ensure the security of data, the system will provide levels of access on every data. Only authorized persons can modify the data through the use of database security. Through this, confidential files will be secured. 2. To provide a module that will make the assessment and computation of payments fast and accurate. The proponents will design and develop a module that will automatically compute the tuition of a certain enrollee based on the mode of payment. This module will provide an accurate and faster computation of student tuition fees so that the registrar doesn’t have to double-check her computation to save time and effort. 3. To provide a module that will maintain all the student records in the school. At Sto. Nià ±o Academy, the records of the students are only kept in folders or envelopes. With this, the proponents will design and develop a Database Module that will serve as the storage of all the records about the system because all data are stored in it. Through this module, all files will be organized so that they can easily be accessed and retrieved. This module will also provide the maintenance of records of the students. In this way, it will be easy to update and delete record to provide an up-to-date list of students. 4. To provide a module that automatically computes the average grade of a student. This module will help the registrar in admitting a promoted student during enrollment. Now promoted students can skip registration and evaluation of grades, he can already go to the cashier for assessment 5. To provide an Automatic Sectioning module during enrollment. This module will give the section to a student during enrollment period. This will save time and effort for the students. Based on the manual posting of schedule, students are required to go to their rooms to get their schedule. Now with the help of the proposed system, students will immediately get their schedule after they enrolled. 6. To provide a module that will make the generation of reports fast and accurate. Student Report Sto. Nià ±o Academy is required to submit different reports to the Department of Education. These are the reports of all the students currently enrolled in a particular school year. With the manual way, the registrar is having a hard time of finding and transferring the report to a specific report paper. That’s why the proponents will design and develop a module that provides an accurate, fast, reliable, and easy generation of reports. Student Grade The system is also capable of storing student grades. Through the use of the system, it would be easy for the teachers to encode the student’s grades. The teachers have individual usernames and password in order to gain access to the student’s grades. The error for the teacher to post in accurate grades on the student’s records will lessen. Faculty Information Generation of reports of certain faculty information will be made easier with the implementation of the system. The computerized system is capable of generating reports fast, accurate and error less. Preparation of reports using manual method will be eliminated because the registrar does not need to write everything. With just clicking the print button and selecting the faculty that you want to print his information, the system will print all the necessary information needed. 7. To provide a module that will make the searching of student grade fast. Searching of a student record is also a problem of Sto. Nià ±o Academy, because whenever students go to the registrar to get his grades the registrar needs to go to the file cabinet and look for the name of the student that takes a long time and effort. This module is design for fast searching of a certain student, by means of typing his student number or last name. 8. To provide a module that will retrieve student records. Retrieval of records is also a problem of registrar. Every time a certain record is being retrieved, the process takes a lot of time for the registrar needs to search over files records in order to have the records retrieved. But with the use of the computerized system, retrieval of records will be easier because the system only requires the student number as an input and with just a click of a button, the records being searched will be displayed on the screen and is ready for printing, thus making the retrieval of records easier and faster.

Management in context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Management in context - Essay Example These damaging theories have made students to believe that managers cannot be trusted. I also noticed that the theories suggest that strict supervision and control of employees is the optimal manner of operating a business. The article showed that academic research associated with business and management conduct, influences management negatively in that students relinquish their moral responsibility by learning its theories (Ghoshal, 2005). Surprises in JA2 This article demonstrated that the theories taught in universities and business schools are to blame for the managers’ poor performance. This is because the managers underutilise the available resources when they follow incorrect channels that lead to bad decisions as a result having of inadequate knowledge. Possession of relevant knowledge was emphasized in this article, where Donaldson implies that managers do not make bad decisions intentionally, but it is because of inadequate knowledge that these errors arise. â€Å"T hese errors are not intended by the managers, and are due to deficiencies in their knowledge† (Donaldson, 2002:97). A new thought was introduced when Donaldson wrote that social theories taught in business schools have had contradictions with the assumptions made in management education. â€Å"There is contradiction between the views expressed by some major contemporary social science theories taught in management schools and the assumptions on which management education is founded† (Donaldson, 2002:97). The way Donaldson proved the incompatibility of the economic and finance, strategy theory, agency theory, institutional theory, and judgmental bias theory was so convincing that I come to completely agreed with the article. The evidence In the article, Ghoshal argued that the negative management and conduct of business have been influenced by academic research learnt in business school by students who later become managers. I observed that the argument on assumptions an d ideas that Ghoshal was talking about were indeed true. â€Å"Our theories and ideas have done much to strengthen the management practices that we are all now so loudly condemning† by â€Å"adoption of a particular theory and more at the incorporation†, which have â€Å" ideologically inspired amoral theories† that are taught in business school(Ghoshal, 2005:76-76). The ideology of pessimism also known as liberalism brought a gloomy vision in management where the owners of a business do not trust the managers as it is evident in the many companies across the globe. Looking into Donaldson’s article and how he had argued, the five theories he had highlighted really contradicted optimal management of business and what students learnt in business schools. In economics and finance, when information is made public it cannot help one firm as all the other firms will have it and use it to their advantage. â€Å"Thus research-based knowledge, once public, confer s no economic advantage in (even semi strong) efficient markets. Only knowledge that is kept private can confer an advantage to the investor† (Donaldson, 2002:96). This shows that the research done in business school once made public cannot give students an upper hand. In the theory of strategy, when a firm has unique resources, it cannot disclose them to the managers, as they can reveal them to rival firms. This in turn results to resources being underutilised; therefore, failing to realize the full potential of the

Compairing and contrast (using car as a means of transport and using a Essay

Compairing and contrast (using car as a means of transport and using a motorcycle) - Essay Example Even in hot, humid or rainy conditions, car travel ensures a comfortable journey with the help of air-conditioning systems. The closed structure of the car helps the passengers to escape from rains. On the other hand, a passenger on motorcycle needs to face the eventualities with respect to climate changes. On hot seasons, the motorcyclist needs to suffer extreme heat and on rainy seasons, he has to face the problems associated with rains. The safety associated with car travel is more compared to a motorcycle journey. Car runs on four wheels and hence it is more stable than a motorcycle which runs on two wheels. The risk associated with car journey is less than the motorcycle journey. In case of an accident, car passengers have the assistance of different kinds of life saving supports, such as seat belts, airbags whereas a motorcyclist may not have the luxury of such safety measures. The only safety equipment and motorcyclist may have could be a helmet. Car travel cannot provide the thrill and entertainment associated with the motorcycle journey. It is easy for the motorcyclist to move rapidly on traffic filled roads because of the less space needed for it compared to cars. Even on roads where traffic is jammed because of some problems, motorcyclists can easily penetrate trough the jammed traffic because of the less space needed for its travel. Thus motorcycle travel ensures less delay in traveling and it eliminates unexpected road problems up to certain extent. â€Å"Motorcycles tell us a more useful truth: we are small and exposed, and probably moving too fast for our own good, but that’s no reason not to enjoy every minute of the ride† (Sanborn) Motorcycles need less space for parking compared to cars. In other words, a motorcyclist can park his vehicle nearer to his destination whereas a car owner sometimes forced to park their vehicles even hundreds of meters away from his actual destination because of parking problems nearer to

Evaluating Models of Executive-Legislative Relations Term Paper

Evaluating Models of Executive-Legislative Relations - Term Paper Example The reason for this is because, the structure of a democracy, has an influence on the democracy’s effectiveness and performance. The effectiveness of these three democratic systems can as well be evaluated using different criteria. This paper evaluates the democratic systems of the presidential democracy, majoritarian parliamentary democracy, and consensual parliamentary democracy, using the criteria of accountability, representativeness, and effectiveness. Accountability is an important aspect in a democratic system, as it acts as a cornerstone in good government. This term might lack a definite definition because of its vast applications. However, in a democratic system, accountability presents itself, when there is a relationship, and an individual or organization is answerable to the other for their actions and decisions. This way, one party is subject to the oversight and direction of the other. Therefore, answerability and enforcement is core of accountability. In a demo cratic system therefore, the government is answerable to the citizens. ... Representativeness in a democratic system is whereby a few individuals are selected from the majority, mainly through elections, to represent the majority in government. These therefore, have to listen to the concerns of the public and represent them in government. Additionally, the elected few have to listen to the opinions and views of the public and other political actors, and present these in government, for action to be taken, where necessary. Therefore, in representativeness, the elected minority are the voice of the public. Effectiveness in a democratic system involves the level of performance of the system. In an effective democratic system, the government performs its responsibilities appropriately. This ensures that the citizens are comfortable, with basic needs, employment, and secure in all ways. Effectiveness of the government is also reflected in its policies, if they are successful or not, the nature of rights of people, freedom, and liberties of the citizens. An effec tive government therefore, registers positive performance in all these aspects. The aspect of representativeness is best utilized by parliamentary democracies, specifically the majoritarian parliamentary democracy. Gallager, Laver and Mair note that most European countries are characterized by the parliamentary democracies, except a few (47). The reason why the majoritarian parliamentary democracies are in a better position to represent the public appropriately is because; the majority people in the constituencies elect their members of parliament, who will represent them in the parliament. Therefore, the parliamentarian serves as the voice of the people of their constituency. This way, it is easier for the wishes of the majority people

Racial Profiling- Reflection Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Racial Profiling- Reflection - Coursework Example his of course led me to research the alternatives and to look at how we could stop the use of racial profiling, while still retaining a positive approach to the reduction of crime and terrorism specifically. I discovered that our history was not extremely bright with regards to the approach to race and criminal justice. Through our past indiscretions and current problems I learned that this was an approach that required drastic change for the future well-being of the criminal justice system in our nation. My desire to pursue and realize true equality met with the reality of our current system and while slowed in my approach I have become more focused on this as an issue that must see relief. I am sickened by the use of racially motivated approaches within the system, and feel very strongly that these approaches can only further hinder our progress and the modernization of the system as it stands today. It is my desire to see an end occur regarding racial profiling and in fact any use of race as anything more than a designator within the current criminal justice system. Overall the information that I discovered in research has allowed me to approach this issue from a completely different angle than I would normally take it. That of history and the desire to be more than our

IT Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IT Organization - Essay Example Additionally, it has also been viewed that countries like China, the United Kingdom and Australia are becoming a center of attraction for large IT industries to set up their business in these locations and explore the associated opportunities. Telecommunicating is a form of IT organization where employees working within the association do not commute to a central place of work. A person who communicates is generally known as the telecommuter or teleworker. A research conducted by Reuters poll demonstrations that about one in five employees round the globe, particularly working in the â€Å"Middle East, Latin America and Asia telecommunicate regularly† and nearly 10% work from home (Reaney, 2012). Discussion Telecommunicating industry is considered to be one of the most frequently growing industries in the IT sectors. It is an organization where task are performed outside of the normal organizational space and time with the help of computer and other communication technologies. Correspondingly, the growing number of industries around the world, it has been viewed that large multinational organization assign their task to some other organization in order to maintain a coordinated relation amid all its stakeholders and customers. Considering the aspect of telecommunication industry in Australia, recently it has been viewed that Australian telecom are concerned about the cost implications and selective impact of rigorous new national security proposal (Commsday, 2012). The aspect of telecommuting in the UK is considered to be one of the pioneers around the globe. Started in the year 1986 the country has 92,000 employees out of which 15,000 are considered to be home workers. It is worth mentioning that the vital reason behind providing the facility to work from home is that it saves an average of US $5,000 a year as employees are not required to spend on travelling and are considered to take few sick leaves as they are close with their family members (BBC, 20 11). Considering the aspect of telecommuting in China, it can be stated that the country has been the place of attraction for many large industries due to its rapidly increasing literacy rate and continuous availability of skilled human resource (KPMG, 2010). Considering the above stated facts of the three selected country the new IT organization would provide the facility of working both from home and office to individuals. The organizational chart of the new organization is being illustrated below: Figure: IT Organizational Chart (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013) With reference to the above illustrated organization chart, it can be viewed that since the organization would be based on providing IT services to three major countries in the world. It is therefore vital that the organization is built on a cross functional basis as it provides much more convenient working system within an organization. Additionally, it can be ascertained that it provides a rigid and coordinated fo rm of working system which is specially needed in all IT industry. Considering the aspects of providing services and establishment in three of the largest country, the required budget has been estimated to be US $30 million. This would include steps like developing IT governance

Major Histocompatibility Complex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Major Histocompatibility Complex - Essay Example The role of immune responses and polymorphism brings about changes to parasitic responses and individuals master immune responses against pathogenic responses. In this discussion features of the major histocompatibility complex are highlighted and the mechanisms and functions of the immune system are also discussed in terms of pathogenic reactions and the role of the MHC. The importance of genetic diversity, selective pressure and polymorphism would also be discussed to suggest evolutionary changes, genetic diversity in the population and the influence of MHC on social behavior. A description of the MHC or Major Histocompatibility Complex could suggest that MHC is a gene cluster. The MH complex consists of four million base pairs of DNA and contains 128 genes as well as 96 pseudogenes (non-functional gene remnants). The MHC is thus a multigene family, has a large cluster of genes encoding key receptor molecules that aids in the binding of foreign peptides to immune cells and this in turn leads to a successful immune response (Klein, 1986). The vertebrate immune system has the MHC as its core and it is a multigene family encoding receptor molecules that binds and recognizes foreign peptides for immune responses and immune cells. ... ent them to immune cells and trigger a sort of immune response and foreign proteins enter cells by infection, phagocytosis in antigen presenting cells and macrophages. Foreign proteins are comprised of small peptides and presented in MHC molecules and these proteins are transported to the cell surface and T cell population. When the peptide binds the T cells, immune responses are triggered (Klein, 1986). The MHC is the most important genetic cluster within a mammalian immune system and the immune system is described in terms of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. The MHC is composed of cell surface glycoproteins and binds antigens from pathogens to T lymphocytes and this helps in triggering the appropriate immune response to attack of parasites in the body. Some MHC genes may produce a diversity of antigens in a population and individuals posses a unique bunch of genes and the MHC represent the immune system and immune responses quite directly so the genetic effects of population fragmentation are studied. Certain MHC genes evolve in response to selective pressure from pathogens and tend to affect the social behavior of animals as well. Some of the issues that will be discussed here would relate to the nature of MHC, the underlying structural and functional attributes, the early history of MHC, the class I, II, and III and variations or differentiation within manifestation of MHC so that evolutionary processes and mechanisms of parasitic reactions, adaptation and selection could be explained. The MHC has been characterized at the molecular level for many years and the population diversity of MHC molecules is quite large as for some MHC loci, over 100 different alleles have been identified (Parham and Ohta 1996). For polymorphism in MHC, the importance of mutation,